DIRECT and INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.

Example of Direct Speech :
1. LIna said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Jalu will say, “I will do my best.”

And what is Indirect speech ? we will discuss it too
Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons word.
Indirect speech have 3 kinds. you can see it now guys !


Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Lemi said to Vina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Lemi told Vina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)

Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)

Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall



*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
ani : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
yola : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.


*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
intan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
rere : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.

*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. nadya : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Mita : No, Not at all.

*Should + Verb base
Example :
vista : puput , you should go to library now ?
Puput : O.k

NEWS ITEM

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.


Significant Grammar Features:

Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

Generally using Simple Past Tense

Use of Material Processes to retell the event

Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

Focus on Circumstances

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Headlines are not always complete sentences

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :

* Active : S + Vactive + O
* Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S

Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
· Active : V1(es/s)
· Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3

2. Past tense
· Active : V2(ed)
· Passive : To be(was, were) + V3

3. Past Continous Tense
· Active : To be(is, am, are) + Ving
  To be(was, were) + Ving
· Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
  To be(was, were) + Being V3

4. Present Perfect Continous Tense
· Active : been + Ving
· Passive : been + being V3

5. Future Tense
· Active : Be + Ving
· Passive : Be + being V

*When you’re rewriting active sentences in Passive Voice, note to following :
1. the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
2. the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
3. the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
4. Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
5. The two forms should have the same tenses

Note :
- In Passive Voice, the subject is the object in Active Voice and the object is the subject.
- Negative Form just add ‘not’ after the to be.
- Interogative Form just move the ‘to be’ to the first, and add ‘?’ in the last.

SIMPLE FUTURE

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”
b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example:
-I am going to play tennis Definition :
Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on. If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now
( time future).
Positive Tenses
Pattern :
-> S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
-> S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
-> S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

Example :
-> Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
-> Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
-> Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.

Negative Tense
Pattern :
-> S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
-> S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
-> S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
-> Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
-> Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
-> He will not be very happy when he finds out.

Question
Pattern :
-> Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
-> Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
-> Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
-> Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
-> Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning ?
-> Will he be very happy when he finds out ?

To offer to do something.
Example :

 A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

To assert an agreement to do something.
Example :

 A: you must come to my party.
 B: I promise I will come on party.

To ask someone to do something.
Example :

 A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

To predict event that will be happened
Example :

A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example :

 A: I’m seventeen years old now.
      How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
     All people and animals in the world will die

Future tense “shall”
* To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example :

 Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”


Future tense “be going to”
* To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example :

A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
    I’m going to send it tonight.

* To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example :

A: The sky is very dark.
     What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

A). Time signal
1.Tomorrow…
 Morning-
 Afternoon-
 Evening-
 Night-
 Time-
 Week-
 Month-
 Year-
 January-

3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

B). Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example:

- I shall clean the room
-We will go to school
-She will give a present

-They are going to swim very fast
-He is going to write a story

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t rememberWays to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m affraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.



1. Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

*Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.

- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?

- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

 - Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember


*Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.

*Respond if you forget: 

- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.

OFFERING

Definition :
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:
widya : Would you like a juice, Ayu ?
ana    : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this juice tastes good
widia : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Offering may refer to:
* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933



Expression of offering:
Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of tea, Carol?

* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Veronika?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

PREPOSITION IN, ON, AT

Prepositions of Time: in, on, at
We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

At	In	On
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o’clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year’s Eve

Look at these examples :

·         I have a meeting at 9am.

·         The shop closes at midnight.

·         Jane went home at lunchtime.

·         In England, it often snows in December.

·         Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?

·         There should be a lot of progress in the next century.

·         Do you work on Mondays?

·         Her birthday is on 20 November.

·         Where will you be on New Year’s Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don’t usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He’s not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	On
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not  in last June)
• He’s coming back next Tuesday. (not  on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not  at every Easter)
• We’ll call you this evening. (not  in this evening)

At, in (place = tempat)

In biasanya dipakai di depan nama negeri dan kota besar, atau didepan nama tempat di mana seseorang pada waktu berbicara. Sedangkan at dipakai di depan nama kota kecil dan desa, atau pada waktu membicarakan suatu tempat yang jauh.

I passed my holidays at my grandma’s  house. Aku melewatkan hari-hari liburku di rumah nenek ku

He lives in London. Ia tinggal di London

At, in, on (time = waktu)

At dipakai dengan waktu yang tepat, misalnya at two o’clock, at dawn, at noon, at sunset, at midnight dan sebagainya. In dipakai dengan suatu bagian waktu, misalnya in the morning, in June, in summer, in 1997, in the year 1997 dan sebagainya. On dipakai dengan nama hari atau tanggal, misalnya on Saturday, on August 10, on New Year’s Day, dan sebagainya.

I usually get up at six o’clock. ( Saya biasanya bangun pada pukul enam)

He takes a walk in the morning. (Ia berjalan-jalan pada pagi hari)

The ship will arrive on Monday.( Kapal itu akan tiba pada hari senin)

NARRATIVE TEXT

A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang). 

 Generic Structure of Narrative Text

·                     Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)

·                     Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)

·                     Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved.Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".

EXAMPLE 

Cinderella story 

Once upon a time there lived a young pretty girl. Her mother was dead and her father had married a widow with two daughters. Her stepmother didn't like her and scolded her always. She only loved and cared for her own daughters. For this reason Cinderella always lived unhappily.

Her step mother never gave her good clothes to wear, good food to eat and any time for rest. Her life was very miserable. She worked hard all day. Only in the evening she was allowed to sit near the cinders, for a while. That’s why everybody called her Cinderella.

One fine morning, an announcement was made in the town. It was about the ball dance to be held in the palace. The step mother and her daughters became very excited for the ball dance. They purchased new gowns, new shoes and new jewelries for the function. When Cinderella heard about it she also wanted to go there but she didn’t have the guts to ask her stepmother.

She went back to her room and started crying on her destiny. She was missing her mother very much when suddenly a fairy appeared in front of her. Don't worry Cinderella, said the fairy. I know you want to go to the ball dance. And so you shall... But how can I, asked Cinderella.

The fairy smiled. With a flick of her magic stick Cinderella found herself wearing the most beautiful dress she had ever seen with lovely shoes and jewelries. The fairy also brought a sparkling coach for Cinderella to reach the palace. Cinderella could hardly believe her eyes. She was very happy. Cinderella thanked the fairy and went towards the palace.

When she entered the palace she was very surprised to see it so beautifully decorated. She met people around, danced and enjoyed a lot at the ball. Soon the prince and the king entered the hall. Everyone stopped dancing. They wanted to meet the prince, but... but the prince was finding someone lese in the huge crowd. He was finding his princess of dreams. He saw Cinderella standing far off near the stairs; the prince went towards Cinderella and offered her to dance with him. Both of then danced together for a long time. It seemed as if the prince was in love with Cinderella.

Now it was half night, Cinderella had to return back home before her stepmother and sisters returned. She remembered what the fairy had said, and without a word of goodbye she slipped from the Prince’s arms and ran down the steps. As she ran she lost one of her shoes, but not for a moment did she dream of stopping to pick it up!

The Prince who was now madly in love with her picked up the shoes and asked his ministers to go and search for the girl. I will never be content until I find her!”

So the ministers tried the slipper on the foot of every girl in the town but were not successful. When they reached Cinderella’s home, her sisters too tried to wear the shoes but unluckily they failed. The shoes didn’t fit anyone of them. Cinderella was standing nearby, the ministers asked her to try the shoe as well. Her sisters laughed at this. When Cinderella wore the shoe it fitted perfectly. Everyone was surprised to see that. The prince also reached there, he was happy to find her dream girl. He took Cinderella to his palace and soon they got married.

Cinderella begins a happy life with the prince…..

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Other Rooms 

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

THING YOU CAN FIND IN THE HOUSE :

               shelf                                                                           socket      
                                             


  

        


   
    

                                               
                                   

                                                                                  

Light bulb                                                          Telephone  

                      

                                       

Plug